To meet the demands of large-scale operation required for inertial fusion energy, target designs must be streamlined, and manufacturing processes must be scaled to produce vast quantities at low cost and high yield. While current fabrication techniques focus on precision and small batches for experimental purposes, an IFE system will require between 100,000 and 1,000,000 targets per day. This calls for the development of standardized, cost-effective production methods, alongside efficient characterization systems to ensure rigorous quality control throughout the process.
In addition to manufacturing, target injection, tracking, and engagement are vital components of an IFE system. Unlike discovery science experiments, which operate at low shot rates with stationary targets, IFE demands the injection of targets at high rates—typically between 1 and 10 Hz—into the fusion chamber. Real-time tracking and precise steering systems are essential for monitoring the target’s position and velocity, ensuring the driver beams can accurately engage the target in motion. Beyond the physics requirements for successful ignition, IFE target designers must also consider several engineering challenges. These include ensuring the target survives the high-stress injection process, maintaining perfect alignment for optimal driver interaction, and designing targets for the easy removal of post-ignition debris to facilitate continuous operation.
Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets (Credit: General Atomics)
Science and Technology Challenges & Gaps
- How can innovative techniques for the mass production of targets be developed, and what advancements are needed to address target injection, engagement, and survivability in IFE systems?